Thematic hub of the IHP
Objects containing dangerous forces
Hub on dams, dams and nuclear power plants where an attack could cause the release of dangerous forces and heavy civilian casualties.
Matrix of legal qualifications
- Construction type
- specially protected objects - thematic hub
- IAC / NIAC
- IAC / NIAC - depending on the specific form and legal basis
- Protected object
- dams, dams, nuclear power plants
- Rome Statute
- It is not a separate universal design; check the specific composition.
- Contractual IHL
- Geneva Conventions of 1949 and/or Additional Protocols — depending on the type of conflict and the facts.
- Conventional IHL
- The relevant customary norm of IHL is checked in the ICRC database together with practice and opinio juris.
- Route according to Article 438
- The blanket part of Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; the specific prohibition of IHL, the seriousness of the violation and the wording of the law must be established for the episode.
Disclaimer: national qualification requires specifying the applicable norm of IHL, the seriousness of the violation, the nexus with the armed conflict, the form of guilt and the wording of the law at the time of the act. The material is not individual legal advice.
What to check
- Classify armed conflict and determine the temporal and territorial limits of applicable IHL.
- Name a specific contractual or customary norm, the violation of which is blamed.
- Establish the protected status of a person or object at the time of the act.
- Prove a specific action, consequence and causal relationship without replacing the element with a general description of the context.
- Prove the connection of the act with the armed conflict (nexus).
- Establish the required form of guilt and knowledge of the actual circumstances.
- Individualize the contribution of a specific person and do not derive responsibility only from the position or belonging to the unit.
- Check the form of complicity or command responsibility separately from the composition itself.
- Apply the version of the criminal law in force at the time of the act, taking into account the prohibition of aggravating retroactive action.
Evidence matrix
| Question | What to check | Typical weakness |
|---|---|---|
| The context of the conflict | Documents parties, intensity, organization, territory control, and date of episode. | A general description of the war without reference to a specific time, place or side. |
| Protected status | The function, behavior and use of a person or object at the moment of the event. | Status is derived only from name, profession, form, or the effect of a blow. |
| Actus reus | Primary materials, testimonies, examinations, digital traces and their cross-checking. | The conclusion is based on a transfer, an incomplete file, or an unreproducible method. |
| Mens rea | Information available to the person ex ante, orders, communications, behavior before and after the event. | The intention is automatically deduced from the actual consequence or position. |
| Identification and contribution | Reliable attribution of person, unit, facility, order, and specific action. | Group membership has been replaced by proof of personal participation. |
| Origin of proof | Original, metadata, receipt log, chain of custody, analysis tool and version. | Missing original, transmission gaps, or the original data is not open to the party. |
Defence Perspective
Questions to check the prosecution's version
- What is the norm of International Criminal Law and what form of action is named in the suspicion and the indictment?
- Has the applicability of this norm been proven to the type of conflict, time, territory and parties?
- On the basis of what facts was established the protected status of a person or an object at the time of the event?
- What primary sources support each material element, and are they open to defense?
- Is the actual effect separated from the intent or knowledge to be proved?
- What information was available to the accused person before the event, and did not become known only ex post?
- What confirms the identification of the person and his specific contribution, besides the position or belonging to the group?
- Are the originals, metadata, transmission log, and ability to independently repeat expert or OSINT analysis preserved?
- What alternative explanations of the facts were checked by the investigation and why were they rejected?
- Did the actual boundaries of the prosecution change during the trial without a real opportunity to prepare a defense?
Controlled thematic connections
Materials by topic
Related materials
investigation
reference or educational material
In Ukrainian
investigation and documentation
documentation or investigation
Flooded by war: the destruction of the Kakhovka dam and its consequences
An investigation of the dam failure, the consequences for civilian life, the environment and international justice, with a description of the methodology and legal assessment.
Abstract and source